Assessment of Technologies for Improving Light－Duty Vehicle
Fuel Economy 2025－2035 （2021）

美国国家科学院出版社（NAP）出版国家科学院，工程学院和医学院的报告。国家行动计划每年出版200多本关于科学，工程和医学的广泛主题的书籍，提供有关科学和卫生政策重要事项的权威，独立研究的信息。

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From daily commutes to cross－country road trips， millions of light－duty vehicles are on the road every day． The transportation sector is one of the United States’ largest sources of greenhouse gas emissions， and fuel is an important cost for drivers． The period from 2025－2035 could bring the most fundamental transformation in the 100－plus year history of the automobile． Battery electric vehicle costs are likely to fall and reach parity with internal combustion engine vehicles． New generations of fuel cell vehicles will be produced． Connected and automated vehicle technologies will become more common， including likely deployment of some fully automated vehicles． These new categories of vehicles will for the first time assume a major portion of new vehicle sales， while internal combustion engine vehicles with improved powertrain， design， and aerodynamics will continue to be an important part of new vehicle sales and fuel economy improvement．

This study is a technical evaluation of the potential for internal combustion engine， hybrid， battery electric， fuel cell， nonpowertrain， and connected and automated vehicle technologies to contribute to efficiency in 2025－2035． In addition to making findings and recommendations related to technology cost and capabilities， Assessment of Technologies for Improving Light－Duty Vehicle Fuel Economy － 2025－2035 considers the impacts of changes in consumer behavior and regulatory regimes．

Table of Contents  skim chapterFront Matteri－xiv
Summary1－9
1 Introduction10－19
2 Fuel Economy， Greenhouse Gas Emissions， and Vehicle Efficiency Background20－30
3 2025 Baseline of Vehicles31－43
4 Internal Combustion Engine－Based Powertrain Technologies44－71
5 Battery Electric Vehicles72－143
6 Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles144－200
7 Non－Powertrain Technologies201－237
8 Connected and Automated Vehicles238－268
9 Autonomous Vehicles269－282
10 Energy and Emissions Impacts of Non－Petroleum Fuels in Light－Duty Vehicle Propulsion283－302
11 Consumer Acceptance and Market Response to Standards303－333
12 Regulatory Structure and Flexibilities334－364
13 Emergent Findings， Recommendations， and Future Policy Scenarios for Continued Reduction in Energy Use and Emissions of Light－Duty Vehicles365－378
Appendixes379－379
Appendix A： Committee Biographical Information380－385
Appendix B： Disclosure of Conflicts of Interest386－386
Appendix C： Committee Activities387－391
Appendix D： Acronyms392－397
Appendix E： Center for Automotive Research Commissioned Study398－442

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