丰田MIRAI 20万公里实车耐久测试后膜电极中铈的空间分布、价态原位分析

电化学能源科学与技术 2022-04-07

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丰田MIRAI 20万公里实车耐久测试后膜电极中铈的空间分布、价态原位分析

Operando Imaging of Ce Radical Scavengers in a Practical Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell by 3D Fluorescence CT–XAFS and Depth-Profiling Nano-XAFS–SEM/EDS Techniques

Hirosuke Matsui

Shinobu Takao

Kotaro Higashi

Takuma Kaneko

Gabor Samjeské

Tomoya Uruga

Mizuki Tada

Yasuhiro Iwasawa

Abstract

There is little information on the spatial distribution, migration, and valence of Ce species doped as an efficient radical scavenger in a practical polymer electrolyte fuel cell (PEFC) for commercial fuel cell vehicles (FCVs) closely related to a severe reliability issue for long-term PEFC operation. An in situ three-dimensional fluorescence computed tomography–X-ray absorption fine structure (CT–XAFS) imaging technique and an in situ same-view nano-XAFS–scanning electron microscopy (SEM)/energy-dispersive spectrometry (EDS) combination technique were applied for the first time to perform operando spatial visualization and depth-profiling analysis of Ce radical scavengers in a practical PEFC of Toyota MIRAI FCV under PEFC operating conditions. Using these in situ techniques, we successfully visualized and analyzed the domain, density, valence, and migration of Ce scavengers that were heterogeneously distributed in the components of PEFC, such as anode microporous layer, anode catalyst layer, polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM), cathode catalyst layer, and cathode microporous layer. The average Ce valence states in the whole PEFC and PEM were 3.9+ and 3.4+, respectively, and the Ce3+/Ce4+ ratios in the PEM under H2 (anode)–N2 (cathode) at an open-circuit voltage (OCV), H2–air at 0.2 A cm–2, and H2–air at 0.0 A cm–2 were 70 ± 5:30 ± 5%, as estimated by both in situ fluorescence CT–X-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy (XANES) and nano-XANES–SEM/EDS techniques. The Ce3+ migration rates in the electrolyte membrane toward the anode and cathode electrodes ranged from 0.3 to 3.8 μm h–1, depending on the PEFC operating conditions. Faster Ce3+ migration was not observed with voltage transient response processes by highly time-resolved (100 ms) and spatially resolved (200 nm) nano-XANES imaging. Ce3+ ions were suggested to be coordinated with both Nafion sulfonate (Nfsul) groups and water to form [Ce(Nfsul)x(H2O)y]3+The Ce migration behavior may also be affected by the spatial density of Ce, interactions of Ce with Nafion, thickness and states of the PEM, and H2O convection, in addition to the PEFC operating conditions. The unprecedented operando imaging of Ce radical scavengers in the practical PEFCs by both in situ three-dimensional (3D) fluorescence CT–XAFS imaging and in situ depth-profiling nano-XAFS–SEM/EDS techniques yields intriguing insights into the spatial distribution, chemical states, and behavior of Ce scavengers under the working conditions for the development of next-generation PEFCs with high long-term reliability and durability.

Figure 1. Outline block diagrams of operando fluorescence CT−XAFS and same-view nano-XAFS−SEM/EDS techniques. (a) Setup of the in situ 3D fluorescence CT−XAFS system at the BL36XU beamline and a schematic of an in situ PEFC with tapered windows for fluorescence CT−XAFS. (b) New stacking membrane cell for operando same-view nano-XAFS−SEM/EDS observation, each fabricated component, a small PEFC piece (e.g., 200 μm W × 300 μm L × 300 nm D), and nano-PEFC at the BL36XU beamline. (A)−(H) and (i)−(v) are described. (I) Perspective view of an in situ nano-XAFS fuel cell (X-ray irradiation side); (J) perspective view of an in situ nano-XAFS fuel cell (backside of (I)); (K, L) photographs of the nano-XAFS measurement setup.

A PEFC unit of 2017 MIRAI FCV after long-distance (200 000 km) driving was provided from Toyota Motor Corp.

不清楚为什么是这种方向的取样而不是上下方向的取样。

Figure 2. Cross-sectional images (665 μm × 665 μm) of the Ce density (a−c) and valence (d, e) at three different planes in the PEFC sample 1 cut out from Toyota MIRAI visualized by operando three-dimensional projection-transmission CT−XAFS under N2(anode)−N2(cathode) at the OCV, and a line profile (f) of the Ce density in the PEFC thick direction. MEA: 24 μm (anode catalyst layer (ACL), 3.5; PEM, 10; CCL, 10.5); anode MPL, 60 μm; cathode MPL, 68 μm; and anode/cathode GDLs). Spatial resolution: 0.325 μm per pixel.

Figure 3. Operando three-dimensional (3D) scanning fluorescence CT−XAFS imaging at Ce L3-edge at 0.4 V (vs RHE) and two-dimensional (2D) cross-sectional CT-XAFS images at different depth layers in the cathode and PEM (part) region around the MEA center for a Ce-doped MEA (24 μm; ACL, 3.5; PEM, 10; CCL, 10.5). (a) Cross-sectional SEM image (15 keV, 2000×) of the MEA. (b, c) EDS maps for Ce Lα and Pt M, respectively. (d−f) 3D CT-XAFS visualized area: (X) 386 μm in parallel to the cathode layer, (Y) 20 μm in perpendicular to the cathode layer, and (Z) 13 μm in the depth direction. (d) 3D morphology imaging (fluorescence CT at 5680.0 eV; Ce L3-edge background). (e) 3D Ce density imaging. (f) 3D Ce valence imaging. (g−i) 2D cross-sectional visualization of the morphology (g), Ce density (h), and Ce valence (i) at Z = 0, 7, and 13 μm in the MEA, where Z = 0 μm is referred to the cathode layer interface. Spatial resolution: 2 μm. (j) Depth profiles of Pt density (black) and Ce density (red) (dotted lines: at the cross-sectional levels 0, 7, and 13 μm in (a). (k) Scattering plot of the data correlation between the Ce valence state and Ce density in the 0−13 μm depth region (e, f, h, I).

不清楚是否是3D CT−XAFS分辨率的问题还是实际情况就是如此,Pt在电解质膜内部也存在分布。而铈在阴极催化层和电解质膜内均匀分布。

Figure 4. Electrochemical performances of a piece of sample 1 (300 nm thick) in the operando same-view nano-XAFS−SEM/EDS membrane cell. Anode/H2= 1.7 sccm; cathode/air = 12.0 sccm.

Figure 5. Same-view nano-XANES−SEM visualization in the identical region of a 300 nm thick sample 1 and the nano-XANES spectra at Ce L3-edge in the anode MPL and MEA electrolyte regions and at Pt L3-edge for the cathode catalyst layer and the anode catalyst layer. The nano-XANES Pt, Ce, and Co maps in the MEA region are also shown. Yellow dotted arrow in the SEM image: see the line profiles in Figure 6.

PtCo催化剂中Co的价态并非0价,而是接近于+2价。可能和样品经历了耐久性测试有关。

Figure 6. Line profiles (along the yellow dotted arrow in the SEM image of Figure 5 for a 300 nm thick sample 1) of the Ce density, Ce4+ molar
fraction, and Ce3+ molar fraction under H2 (anode)−N2 (cathode) at the OCV (black), H2 (anode)−air (cathode) at 0.2 A cm−2 (blue), H2
(anode)−air (cathode) at 0.0 A cm−2 (red), and H2 (anode)−air (cathode) at 0.2 A cm−2 (green) successively measured by the operando sameview nano-XAFS−SEM/EDS technique. ACL: anode catalyst layer; CCL: cathode catalyst layer; PEM: proton exchange membrane.

电位变化铈的价态不发生变化。

Figure 7. Visualization of the distribution and behavior of Ce and Pt in the MEA doped with 11 μg cm−2 Ce3+ ions in a PEFC piece sample (300 nm thick) during the operation for 0, 15, 30, and 60 min under the conditions of H2 (anode, 1.5 sccm)−air (cathode, 9.0 sccm) at an OCV of 0.98V and 80 °C by the operando same-view nano-XAFS−SEM/EDS technique. The difference in the Ce density (b−e) is the difference with the Ce density under H2 (anode)−N2 (cathode) at an OCV of 0.13 V (a).

在OCV状态下铈从阳极向阴极迁移。

Figure 8. Ce3+ migrations in the anode to cathode direction in the electrolyte layer of the MEA doped with 11 μg cm−2 Ce3+ ions in a PEFC piece sample (300 nm thick) at 80 °C visualized by the operando same-view nano-XAFS−SEM/EDS technique. (A) Ce3+ migration in the MEA during the operation for 0, 15, 30, and 60 min under the conditions of H2 (anode)−air (cathode) at an OCV of 0.98 V and 80 °C, as shown in Figure 7.(B) After the operation of Figure 7e (black curve in (B)), the MEA at 80 °C was operated under the conditions of N2 (anode, 1.0 sccm)−N2(cathode, 10.0 sccm) for 0 min (red) and 60 min (orange) for the backward migration and H2 (anode, 1.5 sccm)−air (cathode, 9.0 sccm) at 0.5 V load for 0 min (yellow), 60 min (light green), and 200 min (green) for the forward migration again. Spatial resolution: 200 nm.

而在0.5V下铈运动很慢,在N2-N2置换条件下铈向反方向移动。

Figure 9. Time-resolved (100 ms) and spatially resolved (200 nm) visualization of the Ce behavior along the red arrow (at top-left) in the MEA of the PEFC piece sample (300 nm thick) in the transient response process against the voltage jump operations between 0.5 V (1.47 A cm−2) and 1.0V (0 A cm−2) after the operation in Figure S9c by the operando nano-XAFS imaging technique. The difference in the Ce density is taken as the difference with the Ce density in Figure S9c.

动态电位变化(这个时间尺度也太小了)铈的浓度不发生变化。

CONCLUSIONS

The in situ three-dimensional fluorescence CT-XAFS imaging
technique and the in situ same-view nano-XAFS−SEM/EDS
combination technique were applied for the first time to
observe the distribution and behavior of Ce radical scavengers
in practical PEFCs under working conditions. The XAFS
imaging techniques enabled the operando three-dimensional
visualization and depth-profiling analysis of Ce scavengers as
well as Pt and Co catalyst species in practical PEFCs of Toyota
2017 MIRAI under voltage operating conditions. Using these
operando imaging techniques, we successfully visualized and
analyzed the spatially heterogeneous distribution of the
domain, density, and valence of Ce scavengers in the MEA.
The averaged Ce valence in the whole PEFC after the long distance
(200 000 km) driving was 3.9+. The averaged Ce3+/
Ce4+ ratios in the PEM were estimated to be 70 ± 5/30 ± 5%
under H2 (anode)−N2 (cathode) at the OCV, H2−air at 0.2 A
cm−2, H2−air at 0.0 A cm−2, and H2−air at 0.2 A cm−2. The
Ce3+ migration in the PEM of a PEFC piece (300 nm thick)
under H2−air at an OCV of 0.98 V was also successfully
visualized by the in situ time-resolved nano-XAFS−SEM/EDS
technique. The Ce3+ migration rates in the PEM toward the
anode and cathode electrodes ranged from ∼0.3 μm per 1 h to
∼3.8 μm per 1 h, depending on the PEFC operating
conditions.
Faster Ce3+ migration was not observed with the
voltage transient response method by highly time-resolved
(100 ms) and spatially resolved (200 nm) nano-XANES
imaging. Ce3+ ions in the PEM were suggested to be
coordinated with both Nafion sulfonate (Nfsul) groups and
water to form [Ce(Nfsul)x(H2O)y]3+. The Ce migration
behavior may be affected by the PEFC operating conditions,
spatial density of Ce, interactions of Ce with Nafion, thickness
and states of the MEA, and H2O convection. The operando
imaging and finding in this study may provide new insight into
the development of PEFC with the molecular geometry and
chemical ability to regulate the dynamic Ce behavior for longterm
durability of PEFCs.

现在理解了燃料电池微孔层中添加氧化铈纳米粒子对COCV工况耐受性的影响 附论文指瑕这篇文章中为什么MPL中添加的铈浓度为什么是那个数值。可能这种铈的迁移使得设计的时候在AMPL中添加了较多的铈。

虽然缺少了初始状态的铈的分布的数据,但感觉耐久性测试之后铈的分布也没有发生多大的变化,既没有出现在干湿循环-化学衰减循环联合工况下燃料电池电解质减薄与成分迁移的无铈区现象,MPL也没有起到补充CL层铈的作用。

和美国的公开文献样品图(暂且认为是全新样品)对比,20万公里后耐久性结束膜电极几乎没有破坏,只是2号样品的浓度低于1号样品而已,的确体现出丰田电池耐久性设计的水平。

国内能够具有同步辐射源的地方屈指可数。算上台湾只有四处。

我国的同步辐射事业是从20世纪70年代末北京正负电子对撞机(BEPC)的建造开始的,起初是为高能物理研究而设计的,在1984年的一期工程期间决定一机两用,同时开展同步辐射的应用,这是第一代的同步辐射装置,称为北京同步辐射装置(BSRF)。BSRF于90年代初建成,它是电子能量为2.2Gev的中能环,产生硬X射线,建设了一些使用硬X射线的实验站,如X射线吸收光谱,荧光光谱,衍射,白光形貌,小角散射,漫散射站等,另外包括光电子能谱,光刻站,软X射线谱站等,经多年发展还建造了高压站,计量标准站等,最近正在建造并已部分完成了生物大分子、中能X光站,并进行了部分线站的调整和重建,出色地完成了一批实验室设备不能完成的工作。但缺点是因为要进行高能物理实验,不能按同步辐射的要求进行运转,而且实验机时受很大限制,一年只有3个月左右的用光时间,远不能满足用户的需求。中国科技大学提出并在1983年获国家批准建设一台800Mev的低能第二代同步辐射源开始的。此装置不能产生硬X射线,是一个VUV环。该装置于20世纪90年代初建成,称为国家同步辐射实验室(NSRL)。1992年开始为用户服务,有光电子能谱,光化学,光刻,软X射线谱及时间分辨五个实验站。1999年成功安装运转了一台6T的扭摆器,可以发生最短到0.1nm的硬X射线衍射站,建成后将大大提高该装置的实验能力。但由于是低能环,硬X实验站不多,有局限性,目前正在进行二期工程扩建。因为北京和合肥的同步辐射装置都各有自己的缺点,中央和上海市政府准备在上海市建一个第三代的同步辐射装置,能量高达3.5Gev,可达到世界先进水平。我国除上述装置以外,在台湾新竹还建有一个低能的1.3Gev的第三代同步辐射装置。

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